Scrapbooks and Albums, Theories and Practice: An Annotated Bibliography by Danielle Bias, Rebecca Black, and Susan Tucker This bibliography takes into consideration the scrapbook'due south context within the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We recall of the scrapbook and the album as role of an private response to photography, printing, and the want to document oneself. Creating one's ain web folio, for instance, is very much in the same tradition every bit scrapbook-making.
Nosotros have included only published works or papers presented at conferences for which proceedings are available. Please let u.s. know of works nosotros missed. Meet too our links to other cites online.
Abbas, Ackbar. "Walter Benjamin's Collector: The Fate of Modern Experience." New Literary History 20, 1988: 216-236.
This commodity provides an introduction to the collector equally a "dangerous but domesticated person," a metaphor used by such writers as Flaubert, Nietzsche, Conrad, and Fowles. Abbas discusses the rise of the collector from Renaissance Florence through the early twentieth century and then devotes attention to the reception of Benjamin's ideas. For persons interested in scrapbooks, the article helps in locating the relation between past and future, in examining Benjamin'due south theory on collecting and rewriting, and in setting the stage for any linkage between the person making a scrapbook and the person afterwards (re)viewing it. Allen, Alistair and Joan Hoverstadt. The History of Printed Scraps. London: New Cavendish Books, 1983.
This book presents an overview of the development of paper ephemera from the 1800s to 1930s in Europe and the Us. Production techniques and quality of paper ephemera are examined along with the development of ephemera collection as a hobby, especially the collection of holiday cards, programs, invitations, and proper name cards. The greater part of the book is an illustrated itemize of selected scraps. American Antiquarian Society. "Albums" in Under Its Generous Dome: the Collections and Programs of the American Antiquarian Club. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, 1992. p. 131.
Within this guide to holdings of the American Antiquarian Guild, a cursory section is devoted to 80 albums in the Society'south drove. As most repository's guides provide access to collections by names of the creators, this list provides an alternate approach. See also, Gernes, past whom the Society's list was compiled. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. 1980. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981.
Belk, Russell W. and Melanie Wallendorf. "Of Mice and Men: Gender Identity in Collecting" in Susan M. Pearce, ed., Interpreting Objects and Collections. New York, Routledge, 1994.
Bennetts, Leslie. "African Dreamer." Vanity Off-white 435, November 1996: 206-222.
The diary habit of lensman and artist Peter Beard is tucked within this biographical piece. His diaries are called "overstuffed volumes grotesquely bloated with the detritus of a life, each folio densely layered with photographs and an astonishing assortment of other items....." Beard's ain comments on these books sound much like many statements on scrapbooks. Blais, Madeleine. "Division of Things By: An Business relationship of the Making and Unmaking of a Family Album." Lear's 5(xi), January 1993: 64-5, 84-5.
This article tells of dividing a family scrapbook amid the author and her siblings. Once the photos and other memorabilia were divided, they lost the full bear on of their meaning and became misleading. The scrapbook lost its temporal context, seeming to take no logical beginning or terminate, and presenting an unrealistic picture of a perpetually happy and organized family. The scrapbook taken every bit a whole illustrated these sentiments along with the oft hard and confusing experiences the siblings faced equally a family. Overall, this article provides an personal view on the importance of maintaining scrapbooks intact. Boerdam, Jaap and Martinius, Warna Osterbach. "Family Photographs: A Sociological Arroyo." The Netherlands Periodical of Folklore xvi(2), Oct 1980: 95-120.
This manufactures examines the social behavior that underlies apprentice photography within the family. Types of occasions photographed and reasons why these photographs are taken are examined. The social and technological evolution of family photography is likewise examined. Many of the authors' observations can be used in evaluating the photographs featured in scrapbooks. Bogardus, Ralph F. "Their Carte du jour de Visite to Prosperity: A Family unit'due south Snapshots equally Autobiography and Art." Periodical of American Culture 4, Spring 1981: 114-33.
This article discusses the photo album of an Alabama family created from 1930 to 1950. The author observes that the photos in this anthology tape the family's increasing financial prosperity. The photo appear to become more bourgeois and less artistic as the family unit becomes more affluent. These changes are likely the result of fourth dimension constraints, irresolute interests, and the geographic dispersal of the family. Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Cult of Unity and Cultivated Difference." In Pierre Bourdieu, et al. Photography: A Middle Brow Fine art. 1965. Trans. Shaun Whiteside. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1990. 13-72.
Boye, Marie-France. "Fragments de Voyages Amoureux." Maison et Jardin, 385: 84-9, July/August, 1992.
This article describes a scrapbook collection containing travel memorabilia. The creators of the scrapbooks, Carole and Jean-Philippe Gauvin, include traditional items such equally postcards, maps, and photographs in the albums, likewise every bit watercolors, sketches, and their personal thoughts about their travels. Brunig, Jennifer. "Pages of History: A Study of Newcomb Scrapbooks."Archival and Bibliographic Series of the Newcomb College Center for Research on Women 4, 1993.
Brunig uses Newcomb College scrapbooks to explore the history of academic and social life for women, 1900-1918. Using a chi-square test, she compares expected and bodily contents of eleven scrapbooks. She as well looks at preservation needs and methods. Bryant, Marsha. Photo-Textualities: Reading Photographs. Newark: University of Delaware Printing, 1996.
This drove of essays explores the intersection of photographs and literary language (peculiarly in selected documentaries, novels, and hybrid forms of nonfiction), and the implications of such interactions. Marja Warehime's give-and-take of photography, time, and the surrealist sensibility is specially helpful to an exploration of the compilation of albums. Stephen Watt'south exploration of photographs in biographies considers the plurality of people (in actuality and from the standpoint of the aforementioned person at different ages) plant in albums. Other essays are helpful in gaining a theoretical grounding in the visual literacy movement and attempts to deconstruct the camera heart of the photographer. Buckler, Patricia Prandini. "A Silent Woman Speaks: the Poetry in a Woman's Scrapbook of the 1840s." Prospects 16(1991): 149-69.
This article discusses verse contained in the personal memento scrapbook of Ann Elizabeth Buckler, produced from 1832 to 1855. The poetry, both written past Buckler and by poets of her time, examines many of the bug facing antebellum women, including wedlock, maternity, virtue, religion, and politics. The author comments that the scrapbook served not only equally 1 of the few ways women could express themselves but also "as autobiographical testament, recording the life, feelings, ideas and personality of an individual who would otherwise remain anonymous." Buckler, Patricia P. and Kay C. Leeper. "An Antebellum Woman's Scrapbook: An Autobiographical Composition." Journal of American Culture xiv(Jump 1991): one-8.
This article, as well on the scrapbook of Ann Elizabeth Buckler, comments on the literary every bit well every bit the visual artifacts contained in the scrapbook. The authors also write of Buckler'south need for the scrapbook to assist her in better understanding the complicated problems of her life. The visual artifacts and non-poetic writings also bring greater attention to Buckler'southward more personal concerns for family, friends, and her place in her community. Buday, George C. The History of the Christmas Card. London: Rockliff, 1954; rep 1964, 1992.
Bunkers, Suzanne and Cynthia A. Huff, eds. Inscribing the Daily: Disquisitional Essays on Women'south Diaries. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.
This compilation of manufactures will be helpful to those looking at the scrapbook as autobiography and as a form of the diary. Lynn Bloom's article on private diaries every bit public documents, and Judy Temple's commodity on fragments are specially helpful in providing insight into the need to encounter personal documents equally revisions constrained by society and time, as well equally creator. Helen Kiss' use of the new historicism in understanding private writings also provides a helpful framework for viewing scrapbooks. Burant, Jim. "More Than a File Cabinet: Scrapbooks as Personal Expression." Paper presented at the Society of American Archivist Almanac Meeting, 1995.
Arguing that scrapbooks are among the most ubiquitous class of family unit record keeping, the author traces the history of scrapbooks through an exploration of 4 nineteenth century albums in the National Athenaeum of Canada. The first is that of Lady Faulkand, made during her stay in Nova Scotia as the wife of the colonial governor; the 2nd is that of Carolyn Escort, an amateur artist and officer'due south married woman; the tertiary, Lady Vallow Album, a member of a Quebec family; the 4th, the Thompson album compiled by a female member of the family of the fourth prime minister of Canada. Burant discusses sizes, appearances, and contents and notes that unique views of history are given in these books -- in terms of drawings, other images, equally well as moral instruction. He then likens the scrapbook to the visual equivalent to the family unit phone and the video tape made of family events. His newspaper provides also insight into the conquering issues and solutions (provenance and justification within collection policies). Burant, Jim. "Record of an Empire, 1835-1896: The John A. Vesey Kirkland Album." Archivaria 22, Summer 1986: 120-128.
This commodity provides an account of the provenance and identification of the John A. Vesey Kirkland Album and Burant'due south research into the life of Kirkland through the album and other research. The article likewise provides a scholarly wait at albums as seen from the viewpoint of archivists. Canfield, Dorothy, and others. What Shall We Do Now? V Hundred Games and Pastimes: A Book of Suggestions for Children'due south Games and Employments. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1907
Written for parents and older children, this book is designed to make "resourceful" children out of those needing "counsel and hints" concerning free time. Capacity concern various games -- those for parties, drawing, writing, picnics, outdoors, train rides, sickbeds, so forth. Scrapbook making is considered an excellent activity for building a spirit of generosity and children are encouraged to make books for children in the hospital. The enthusiastic language and the references to various items to include in scrapbooks reflect on the relative rarity of color printing in the early on twentieth century. Chalfen, Richard. "Introduction to the Study of Non-professional Photography every bit Visual Communication" in Saying Cheese: Studies in Folklore and Visual Communication. Bloomington, Indiana: Folklore Forum, 1975. pp. nineteen-25.
This paper provides a clarification of "home-style" visual communication, a medium generally limited to photographs and home movies made past amateur photographers. The author argues that "home-fashion" visual advice is a class of expressive beliefs valued by pocket-size groups of biologically and socially related people. Chaflen besides lists the several events and components involved in the process of creating visual communication. In so doing, he touches upon themes that explicate the social and personal value of the photographs contained in scrapbooks. Challinor, Joan R. "Family Photo Interpretations" in Kin and Communities. Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1979. pp. 239-63.
This commodity is a transcript of a symposium well-nigh social photography that was moderated by Challinor. Several scholars discuss nonetheless photography, movies about family unit relationships, the utilize of photographs in teaching community history, and family albums. Kid, Lydia Maria. An American Frugal Housewife. New York: S&W. Wood, 1845.
Child, Lydia Maria. The Picayune Girl'south Own Book. New York: Edward Kearney, 1843.
Conservation of Scrapbooks and Albums: Postrpints of the Volume and Paper Grouping/Photographic Materials Grouping Articulation Session at the 27th Almanac Meeting of the American Establish for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Juen 11, 1999. St. Louis, Missouri.Available through the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Washington, D.C., 2000.
Crozier, Ray. "The Unconscious Meaning of Objects" in Manufactured Pleasures: Psychological Responses to Design. Manchester: Manchester Academy Press, 1994. 86-114.
This commodity examines the psychology of the material world. Drawing upon Freud, the author concludes that virtually objects obtain their significance based upon their implications for the self, a person's identification with others, and the identity presented to others. A cursory section about colour interpretation and insight about other materials saved by individuals tie this article to an interpretation of scrapbooks. Csikszentmihaly, Mihaly. "Why We Need Things" in History From Things. Washington: Smithsonian Plant Press, 1993. pp. xx-28.
This article provides a brief theoretical background for an agreement of the study of material culture. The author argues that this "addiction to materialism is in large office due to a paradoxical need to transform the precariousness of consciousness into the solidity of things." Culley, Margo, ed. "Introduction." A Twenty-four hour period at a Time. New York: The Feminist Press, 1985. iii-26.
This introduction to a compilation of diary excerpts discusses the shift in women's diaries around the mid-1800s from day-to-twenty-four hours records of events to tools for exploring and expressing the self. The writer likewise discusses other aspects of women's diaries such as their roles every bit historical records and literature. DeCandido, Robert. "Out of the Question." Conservation Administration News. No. 53, Apr 1993.
This article traces the history of scrapbooks to the tables, or commpnplace books of the sixteenth century and looks at the overall history of scrapbooks. The writer discusses 17th century albums of prints and the work of 18th century William Granger(hence, the term grangerizing -- the actress-illustrated book of the 19th century). The focus of the work is on preservation merely overall the author presents a lively telling of both the history and the problems involved in the conservation of scrapbooks. There is a link on the home folio to this article online. Drucker, Johannna. The Visible Discussion: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923. Chicago, The University of Chicago Printing, 1994.
Through a study of typographic experimentation, the writer provides an analysis of art works produced in the 1910s and an enquiry into the transformation of critical practices in the following decades throughout the twentieth century. The affiliate on semiotics, materiality, and typographic practice provides many arguments for seeing inventions in printing as important to artistic and literary endeavors of many sorts. The dominance of language, residing in its capacity to signify, is explored in the works of linguists and artists. This piece of work might be helpful, specially to those likening scrapbooks to collages or interpreting albums made from clippings and other cuttings from printed matter. Ezell, Margaret J.K. and Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe. Cultural Artifacts and the Production of Significant: The Page, the Image, and the Torso. Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1994.
This volume considers various ideological constructs of the written word and an understanding of published works as artifacts. Particularly helpful to those pondering over the accumulation of various forms of press in scrapbooks are chapters dealing with the production of maps in early mod England, Marker Twain's responses to technology, and Emily Dickinson's hesitancy about publishing her poems. The latter chapter might too exist helpful to those considering poems included in various commonplace books and friendship albums. Fenn, Patricia (and Alfred P. Malpa). Rewards of Merit: Tokens of a Child'due south Progress and a Instructor'southward Esteem as an Enduring Aspect of American Religious and Secular Teaching. Schoharie, NY: Ephemera Society of America, 1994.
Fleishman, John. "The Labyrinthine World of the Scrapbook King." Smithsonian 22 (Feb 1992): 79-87.
This article describes some of the scrapbooks contained in the vast scrapbook collection of Theodore Langstroth II, the "Scrapbook King." The scrapbooks cover a variety of subjects, ranging from Japanese prints and turn-of-the-century opera to chewing tobacco labels and amusement parks. The article also provides a brief history of scrapbooks. 4-H. Family Sociology: A four-H Folk Patterns Project. Michigan State University: Cooperative Extension Service, no date.
This booklet contains activity sheets to guide four-H'ers and their family members in the production of written family folklore. Five master areas are covered: family expressions, family stories, family photography, family customs, and family keepsakes. The areas covered in this booklet are similar to those featured in some forms of scrapbooks. A section on guiding the child to brand a "timeline" of his or her life provides instructions on the need to preserve memories throughout life. Fritzsche, Peter. Reading Berlin 1900. Cambridge, Harvard Academy Press, 1996.
Arguing that "the urban center as identify and the urban center as text defined each other," the author focuses on the reading and writing that went on in Berlin from 1900-1914. The spread of literacy during this period gave permanent grade to memories and other documents nigh the metropolis. This book will be helpful to those considering clippings in scrapbooks, particularly scrapbooks documenting a topic or place. Consideration of the many newspaper manufactures on abnormal events -- "the fabricated landscape of the extraordinary" will exist helpful to those considering albums devoted to medicine and psychology, too as other subjects. Freeman, Larry. Louis Prang: Colour Lithographer, Giant of a Man. Watkins Glen, NY: Century House, 1971.
Gardner, Saundra. "Exploring the Family Album: Social Class Differences in Images of Family Life." Sociological Enquiry 61(ii), May 1991: 242-51.
This article compares representations of kin and friendship networks among heart-class and working class families. The study is based upon interviews with 20 families from Cardinal Maine almost their photograph albums. The report plant that in general, middle-class families are more than likely to include photographs of family and friendship networks in their photo albums than are working class families. Photograph albums of the eye-class families featured in this study tended to cover a wider geographic surface area and broader areas of interest than did albums of working class families. Garvey, Ellen. The Adman in the Parlor: Magazines and the Gendering of Consumer Culture, 1880s to 1910s. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Garvey traces the history of ad and the development of a consumer society in which national goods were sold and increasingly known by brand names. Her chapter on scrapbooks devoted to trade cards gives attending to chromolithography, collecting, gender training, and other aspects inside new forms of consumption. She provides illustrations, discusses theories concerned with collecting, and provides a clear analysis of the types of consumers who fabricated scrapbooks. Her passages on the modern department store provide first-class insight into "palaces of consumption" -- places where one might have purchased scrapbooks, every bit well equally insight into the enthusiasm of such sections equally ladies' lounges, boob shows, furniture sections, tea rooms, and so forth. She also provides a thorough exploration of reading and writing of advertisements. Garvey, Ellen Gruber. "Scissorizing and Scrapbooks: Nineteenth-Century Reading, Remaking, and Recirculating, " New Media: 1740-1915, ed. Lisa Gitelman and Geoff Pingree (cambridge, MA: MIT Printing, 2003.
Gear, Josephine. "The Babe's Movie: Woman as Image Makers in Small-boondocks America." Feminist Studies 13(two), Summer 1987: 419-43.
This commodity discusses the significance of baby pictures and infant books in the belatedly 19th and early 20th century. Gear argues that such portraits and compilations served equally emblems of women'southward personal regard for their status as mothers and reflected their families' treasured position every bit a office of America'due south newly formed heart form. She also looks at the process of compiling such books and their meaning in terms of women'due south lives. Gernes, Todd Steven. "Recasting the Civilisation of Ephemera: Young Women'southward Literary Culture in Nineteenth Century America." Ph.D., Brownish Academy, 1992.
This dissertation explores the "ways in which brusque-lived transitory objects and materials of everyday life were gathered and reconstituted into the fabric of social and intellectual life. Poetry, fiction, recipes, pressed flowers, textiles, and obituaries were clipped, preserved, and assembled in commonplace books, scrapbooks, and friendship albums." Gernes argues that the culture of ephemera was an integral part of the Romantic literary imagination. He looks specifically at commonplace books, equally the ancestors of scrapbooks, and provides helpful theoretical data on the gendered role of scrapbook keeping in the nineteenth century. Gossett, Marilyn. "Make information technology for Mom." Teen (May 1995): 8, 96-7.
This article provides instructions for making home-fabricated scrapbooks or "memory books" for mothers every bit a special and original Female parent's 24-hour interval present. The writer as well provides useful data most the basic construction of scrapbooks. Grossman, John. "Chromolithography and the Cigar Label: Sometimes the Label was Improve Than the Cigar" Ephemera Journal, Volume 9.
Gurley, Due east. Westward.Scrap-Books and How to Make Them. New York: The Writer's Publishing Company, 1880.
This little booklet praises the scrapbook as one of the most useful inventions of the nineteenth century -- a medium around which i could improve oneself and one'south family. Gurley maintains that Jefferson and other notables kept scrapbooks and "every man in his ain department should do likewise." Hart, Cynthia and John Grossman. A Victorian Scrapbook. New York: Workman Publishing, 1989.
This volume contains an introduction to the history of scraps and many photographs of scraps themselves. The process of chromolithography, "as invented in Bavaria (1798)," and a general explanation of various overlays of color also are briefly discussed. Hart, Janice. "The Family Treasure: Productive and Interpretative Aspects of the Mid-to Late Victorian Album," The Photographic Collector 5 (1984).
Heller, Martin, Hrsg. Welt-Geschichten. Fotoalben aus der Sammlung Herzog, Zürich: Limmat Verlag Genossenschaft, 1989.
Higonnet, Anne. Berte Morisot's Images of Women. Cambridge, MA: London, England: Harvard Academy Press, 1994.
Chapter 3, "Amateur Pictures: Images and Practices," discusses activities accounted advisable for the educational activity of the young in nineteenth century French republic, especially for amateur women artists. Amongst these are included picture show books or keepsake albums that women assembled. Affiliate v, "Feminine Visual Reproduction in the Historic period of Mechanical Reproduction," offers a expect at the ways in which the invention of photgraphy and other means of mechanical reproduction affected women [amateur] artists, both in their art and in the keepsake albums some of them kept. Hirsch, Marianne. Family unit Frames: Photography, Narrative and Post Memory. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1997.
Horton, Richard W. "Photograph Album Structures, 1850-1960." Guild of Book Workers Journal 32(1), Leap, 1994: 32-43.
Horton studied the structures and mounting methods of some 394 albums in the Harry Ransom Humanities Enquiry Center at the Academy of Texas. He categorizes his findings into six groupings: stubbed book (1850-1860), potent-paged album (1860-1900), menu de visite album (1850s-1900), snapshot album (1890-1920), slit-mounting post card albums (1900-1920), and laced scrapbook, (1920-1950). His study is near helpful to those wishing to know more virtually the types of album available to scrapbook makers. Impey, Oliver and Arthur MacGregor. The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteen- and Seventeenth-Century Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
This book of nerveless essays by curators and scholars from various preeminent museums and libraries gives historical and theoretical insight into the collecting -- of artifacts, paintings, and other materials. This is also a wonderful book for heedless and for pondering over the more than modest album and the provenance and organization of artifacts in full general. Jackson, James C. Grooming of Children, or, How to Have Them Good for you, Handsome, and Happy. Dansville, NY: Austin, Jackson & Co, 1872.
Jay, Robert. The Merchandise Menu in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbia: Academy of Missouri Press, 1987.
Jelenik, Estelle C. The Tradition of Women's Autobiography: From Antiquity to the Present. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986.
In discussing autobiographies of several different historical periods, Jelenik provides insights into diverse reasons for compiling personal documents. Johnson, Katherine. "Interpreting Functioning Through a Scrapbook'south Eye View." Paper presented at the Society of American Archivist Annual Coming together, 1995.
Noting that albums and scrapbooks have been a disquisitional source for the study of theatrical history, Johnson notes that whatever performing arts collection will hold a wealth of scrapbooks -- from 100 or so in the National Archives of Canada to many thousands in either the Harvard Theatre collection or the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. She dates such scrapbooks to 1730, if not earlier, despite the 1859 date given by the OED. She looks at scrapbooks documenting particular theatrical miracle such equally "The Beggar's Opera" and the Ballets Russes; scrapbooks compiled to perfect the art of compilation; scrapbooks compiled past men and women of the theatre; scrapbooks to preserve similar types of materials (photographs, playbills, drawings of the theatre); and scrapbooks compiled past the theatre-goer or fan. She likewise notes the problems of conducting research through scrapbooks, notably those centered around actuality of the compilers and incompleteness in compiling. Katriel, Tamar and Thomas Farrell. "Scrapbooks as Cultural Texts: An American Fine art of Retention." Text and Functioning Quarterly xi:1 (January 1991) 1-17.
Kinneavy, James L. A Theory of Discourse. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
Kinneavy defines different approaches to teaching composition, and in so doing provides insight into some of the moral instruction being taught in scrapbook making in the nineteenth century. He begins with an historical view, and then addresses persuasive, literary, and expressive forms of soapbox. Several of his insight concerned with early on twentieth century methods bear on upon the context in which scrapbooks became a popular hobby. Kotkin, Amy. "The Family unit Photo Albums every bit a Form of Sociology." Exposure 16(1978): four-eight.
This article discusses the function of family unit photo albums in family folklore. Based upon inquiry with Washington, D.C. expanse residents, the writer concludes that family unit photograph albums have come to serve as a basis for family legends and sociology in many instances. Kuhn, Annette. Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination. London: Verso, 1995.
Kuhn uses photography as the locus of memory, the pre-text, for an assay of her own life as represented in photos taken by her parents. She also uses photographs of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth and visiting Queen Salote of Tonga, comparing imperialist visions of empire and conquest within the context of her life and her parents' expectations. Kuipers, Juliana. "Scrapbooks: Intrinsic Value and Material Culture," �Journal of Archival System Volume 2 Number 3 2004: 83-91.
Scrapbooks nowadays a especially challenging set of preservation issues to archivists. Nonetheless, as an intriguing combination of diaries, photograph albums, and ephemera, their format and system are an essential office of their usefulness every bit sources to researchers. The fascinating link between scrapbooks and quilts, evident in a brief history of scrapbooks and an exploration of several types, indicates that scrapbooks are a particularly rich source for researchers interested in women's history. In order to facilitate the richest agreement of these unique and fascinating sources, cloth literacy should be increased amid both archivists and researchers. In particular, archivists should understand the important function these records take to researchers, and how their storage and preservation choices touch on that function. Langford, Martha. Suspended Conversations: The Afterlife of Retention in Photographic Albums. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001.
Lavin, Maud. Chapter 3, "Hannah Höch's mass medi scrapbook: utopias of the twenties," in Cutting with the Kitchen Knife: the Weimar phtomontages of Hanna Hoch. New Hanven; London: Yale Academy Press, 1993.
Leary, James P. "Sociology and Photography in a Male Group" in Proverb Cheese: Studies in Folklore and Visual Advice. Bloomington, Indiana: Folklore Forum, 1975. pp. 45-9.
This paper focuses on a grouping of men every bit they review photographs and draw the memories the photographs elicit. Longtime friends, they recall weekend parties, graduation, and other social events. The author writes that these photos are an essential part of reunions, a help in recreating the closeness they felt while they were in college. Lensing, Leo A. "Literature and Photography: Applied and Theoretical Observations on their Interaction in Mod Vienna." Intertextuality: German Literature and Visual Art from the Renaissance to the Twentieth Century. Ed. Ingeborg Hoesterey and Ulrich Weisstein. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1993: 159-187.
Lensing, Leo A. "Peter Altenberg's 'beschriebene' Fotografien: Ein zweites Oeuvre?" In Fotogeschichte Vol xv, No. 57, 1995: three-33.
Revised, enlarged version of "Peter Altenberg's Made Photographs." Lensing, Leo A. "Peter Altenberg's 'Inscribed' Photographs and Movie-Postcard Albums,"
A text of a presentation excerpted from Lensing's ii manufactures on Altenberg'due south photographs [Lensing 1990 and 1995] and chapters 4 and 5 in the volume Peter Altenberg: Rezept dice Welt zu sehen (1995). Lensing, Leo A. "Peter Altenberg'due south Fabricated Phtographs: Literature and Photography in Fin-de-SiècleVienna." Austrian Studies I (1990): 47-72.
Leonard, Thomas C. News for All: America's Coming-of-Age with the Press. New York, Oxford University Press, 1995.
"Nearly three centuries ago, Americans began to read news in print. This book is about that role of national life." Then begins, the writer in his history of print journalism in the U.S. Sections deal with readers, workers and influence, and republic. For those interested in the apply of scrapbooks every bit repositories for paper clippings, the affiliate on the scrapbooks of abolitionists will prove immediately helpful; other chapters provide additionally helpful historical background. Lesy, Michael. "Fame and Fortune : A Snapshot Chronicle." Afterimage October 1977: eight-13.
Giving brief biographies, descriptions of collections (scrapbooks and albums), and interpreted patterns, Lesy writes of a serial of interviews with a divorced couple. He also discusses his work with moving-picture show -- as historian and earlier, as someone who oft visited a big commercial photo processing plant. His humorous and perceptive insights are given in curt comments about how our modern globe is configured effectually images of self and the reproduction of these images. Lesy, Michael. Time Frames: The Meaning of Family Pictures. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.
This is a study of family albums and the stories that go along with them. Lesy finds that iii types of photographs dominate in albums -- those of dearest, intimacy and family unit life; those of war; and those of work. He also notes gendered differences in poses. Lesy, Michael. Bearing Witness: A Photographic Chronicle of American Life, 1860-1945. New York: Pantheon, 1982.
Though mainly covering 167 pages of images, this book as well provides insight into late nineteenth and early twentieth century thoughts on access and retrieval of photographs. Persons interested in the use of scrapbooks to house a visual and/or printed file concerned with a detail field, or those interested in the history of libraries and archives will find Lesy'south remarks interesting. Library of Congress, National Preservation Program Function. "Preservation Basics: Preservation of Scrapbooks and Albums." (Washington, D.C., 1991)
This leaflet, available both in hard copy and online, provides a very brief history of scrapbooks and albums. Other sections bargain with accession and disposition, collection policy guidelines, environment, concrete storage and shelving, handling, treatment, and reformatting. Suppliers for preservation materials also are listed. Lloyd, Ernest, ed. Scrapbook stories: from Ellen G. White'due south scrapbooks. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Printing Pub. Clan, 1949.
Loeb, Lori Anne. Consuming Angels: Advertizing and Victorian Women. New York, Oxford Academy Printing, 1994.
Loeb explores the domestic ideology of the Victorian era every bit one of containment, leisure, and consumption. By noting the ideals of progress formulated through Victorian advertizing, Loeb maps the moral implications of the commercial models of adventurer, queen, actress, and expert. Loeb as well addresses related problems of anxiety and community. Finally, Loeb employs a political lens to explore both elite and democratizing material consumption. Lyons, Joan. Artists' Books: A Critical Anthology and Sourcebook. Layton, Utah: Peregrine Smith Books, 1985.
This volume is an album of writings on artists and their work on that "venerable container of the written word" -- the volume. Essays by Richard Kostelanetz, Lucy Lippard, and others talk over artists' volume in the period 1960-1980. The affiliate by Shelley Rice on artists' books as visual literature looks at many of the same bug confronted by those studying scrapbooks, notably the interpretation of the juxtaposition of words and images on a page. Many of her examples look like mod twenty-four hours scrapbooks. Also helpful are a listing of artists' book collections in the U.Southward. and a bibliography. MacKay, James. Childhood Antiques. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1976.
Makepeace, Chris E. Ephemera: A Volume on its Collection, Conservation, and Utilize. Brookfield, Vermont: Gower, 1985.
This volume looks at diverse problems in defining, collecting, and storing different types of ephemera. While not dealing (except quite briefly) with scrapbooks as the repository of much ephemera, the book provides an inside look at how librarians view, use, promote, and bargain with many types of ephemera. Making great scrapbooks: it's easier than you think Canby, OR: Hot Off the Press, 1998.
Marsh, Alec. �Thaddeus Coleman Pound�s �Paper Scrapbook� every bit a Source for The Cantos,� Paideuma24, nos. 2/3 (autumn/wintertime 1995): 16393.
Marsh describes the scrapbook of Pound�due south paternal grandfather as consisting almost exclusively of public documents such as newspaper clippings, published poems, and letters to the editors of various newspapers. Marzio, Peter C. The Democratic Art: Pictures for a Nineteenth Century America, Chromolithography, 1840-1900. Godine, 1979.
This book is an excellent and thorough exploration of the process that fabricated colored press a part of everyday life. Also helpful in discovering what types of materials were available during different periods of the by, the book is i of the few focused sources on colored press and visual civilization. Matthews, Samantha. � Psychological Crystal Palace? Late Victorian Confession Albums. �Book History 3 (2000) 125-154.
McClinton, Katherine Morrison. The Chromolithographs of Louis Prang. New York: Clarkson North. Potter, 1973.
Motz, Marilyn. "Visual Autobiography: Photo Albums of Plow-of-the-Century Midwestern Women." American Quarterly 41(March 1989): 63-92.
The author explores the development of the photographic technology that facilitated the creation of family albums She briefly compares these albums of the 1890s, with earlier ones of professional produced images. In studying viii specific albums, she shows how women altered conventional poses, settings, and habiliment to give an individualistic view of themselves within and without of expected societal conventions. Nash, Maude Cushing. Children's Occupations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920.
"Having one time acquired the fine art of cutting, the fascination never ceases even to all ages." And then begins the chapter, "The Scrapbook" in which the author presents information on the handmade construction of such albums and its completion with printed colored pictures. The book is helpful for interpreting how children were trained in various by time activities. Newell, Maxine. "The Scrapbook." Canyon Legacy, 1992, (14): 12-19.
Ockenga, Starr. On Women and Friendship: A Collection of Victorian Keepsakes and Traditions. New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang, 1993.
An oversized and heavily illustrated book, this volume explores friendship, devoting considerable attention to the practice among friends of writing in albums and of gathering memorabilia of many sorts. The diverse types of early nineteenth century albums and gifts books are traced to their German ancestors -- the stammbucher or freund buch. As well helpful is a word of press techniques that gave rise to scraps, gift books, and various types of ephemeral material. Ohrn, Karin Becker. "The Photo Menses of Family Life: A Family Photograph" in Maxim Cheese: Studies in Sociology and Visual Communication. Bloomington, Indiana: Sociology Forum, 1975. pp. 27-35.
This paper reports on how photographs are used in one family to pass on and preserve family unit heritage. Using the family'due south photographs, which span a 60-year period, and interviews with three generations of women from the family, the author constructs a history of the family guided by memories. The author writes that this family'due south photograph collection served equally an "archive" of their life--a style of remembering people and events, and too a mode of passing on and preserving memories for other members of the family. Ott, Katherine. "Using Scrapbooks to Interpret the Graphic History of Nineteenth Century Life." Paper presented at the Gild of American Archivists Meeting, Washington D.C., 1995.
Ott explores the genealogy of the scrapbook in the commonplace volume and the Victorian curiosity cabinet. She notes that various nineteenth century newspapers and magazines ran regular features specifically for scrapbook cutting; she also discusses design and binding problems in scrapbooks and their marketing. She then discusses specific scrapbooks of medical practitioners and their uses equally repositories of learning, a means to manipulate items and infinite. Ott, Katherine. "It's a Scrapbook Life: Using Ephemera to Reconstruct the Everyday of Medical Practice." The H2o Marker, Newsletter of the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences 22(1), Winter 1996:1-7.
The author argues that the study of ephemera provides an important way to recreate the actual "equally opposed to the reported, experience of nineteenth century people." Studying scrapbooks devoted to science and medicine, she provides examples illustrating how scientific discipline and medicine became "domesticated" and popularized for a mass audience. She makes a strong argument for locating the scrapbook "at the intersection of the book, the old cabinet of marvel, the mod exhibit case, folk art, collage, and even home video." She also looks at trends in the paper and printing industries and how these trends impacted the apply of scrapbooks. She then looks at specific scrapbooks of physicians in the northeast. Packham, Jo. Moments to recollect: tips, techniques, and 30 special album ideas for creating memories that last a lifetime. New York: Dell, 1998.
Peters, Harry T. America On Stone. New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1931.
Rickards, Maurice. Collected Printed Ephemera. New York, Abbeville, 1988.
This volume discusses printed ephemera of all sorts and is an excellent introduction to its history and collection, by and large in England and North America. A bibliography and a glossary provide other data. Rickards, Maurice. The encyclopedia of ephemera : a guide to the bitty documents of everyday life for the collector, curator, and historian. Edited and completed by Michael Twyman, with the assistance of Sally de Beaumont and Amoret Tanner. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Ruth, Amy. "Victorian Scraps." Antiques and Collecting Magazine. 99(February 1995): 38-9.
This article discusses the collection of Victorian scraps during present times. The author writes that the collection of these items has become quite popular. Many collected scraps are authentic while others are reproductions made afterward the Victorian era. The author also provides historical data about scrap drove. Ruutz-Rees, Janet E. Abode Occupations. New York: D. Appleton and Visitor, 1883.
In this book, capacity requite instruction on piece of work with leather, tissue paper, flowers, wax paper-thin, chaplet and other items. The chapter devoted to making scrapbooks provides six pages on various types of construction. Especially interesting is the inclusion of instructions on making inset books -- that is, the purchase of books with wide enough margins to allow one to insert images one chooses from other publications and photographs. The author discusses the value of these books, and the need to be modest in one's goals. Rybczynski, Witold. "A Bootleg House" in Looking Around: A Journey Through Architecture. Toronto: Harper Collins Publisher, 1992. pp. 172-fourscore.
This essay describes the home of artist Carl Larsson, constructed in 1889 in central Sweden. Larsson and his wife Karin, both painters, published several books about their domicile and family which the writer describes equally "souvenir albums that certificate (in paintings) non the family but the firm." He mentions that such books on one's ain domestic architecture were common in the 1880s and 1890s. Seddon, Laura. A Gallery of Greetings. Manchester: Manchester Polytechnic Library, 1992.
Shapiro, Rina and Hanna Herzog, "Understanding Youth Culture Through Shorthand Books: The Israeli Case." Journal of American Folklore, 97: 386 (1984), 442-460.
Shaw. G. Bernard. My Expensive Flake Book. East Aurora: New York, The Roycrofters, 1915.
In this 19-folio advertisement for Hemstreet Clipping Bureau, Shaw describes his first trip to arrange for a scrapbook to exist fabricated. He describes the street, and the edifice of the bureau. He notes that the value of using such an agency is found not only in having clippings about oneself or one's favorite subject but also in using these clippings to plant oneself as a credible witness in law proceedings or as a learned person in other respects. Siegel, Elizabeth Eastward., �"Galleries of Friendship and Fame: The History of Nineteenth-Century American Family Albums" (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2003).
Smith, Deborah. "Consuming Passions: Scrapbooks and American Play." Ephemera Periodical half-dozen(1993): 63-76.
Smith places the construction of the scrapbook in the context of Victorian collecting, using the lens of consumer habits to address the proliferation of printed advertisements such as color merchandise cards. She examines the culture of the Victorian commercial expositions, noting fluctuations in income and psychological issues of consumption. She besides compares the concrete act of scrapbook structure to women'southward needlework. Sobieszeck, Robert. "Blended Imagery and the Origins of Photomontage, Role I: The Naturalistic Strain." Artforum 17, no. 2 (1978): 58-65; "Function 2: The Formalist Strain." Artforum 17, no. 3 (1978): 40-45.
Spence, Jo and Patricia Holland, eds. Family Snaps: The Meanings of Domestic Photography. London, Virago, 1991.
Stabile, Susan Grand. Retentiveness�southward daughters :�the material culture of remembrance in eighteenth-century America. 1st ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Printing, 2004.
Staff, Frank. The Picture Postcard and Its Origins. second ed. London: Lutterworth, 1979.
Stein, Sally. "The Composite Photographic Epitome and the Limerick of Consumer Ideology." Fine art Periodical 41, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 39-45.
Stevenson, Robert P. "The Shorthand Album: A Victorian Girl'due south Best Friend" Philadelphia Folklife 34, No. 1 (Fall 1984) 34-43
Stewart, Susan. On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Gift, the Collection. Durham, Duke University Press, 1993.
In examining the relations of narrative to origin and object, Steward explores nostalgia. Among objects of want, she classifies the scrapbook and the retention quilt as souvenirs rather than every bit collections. "While the point of the souvenir may be remembering, or at to the lowest degree the invention of retentiveness, the point of the drove is forgetting -- starting once more in such a way that a finite number of elements create, past virtue of their combination, an infinite reverie." Passages that might be helpful to those interested in scrapbooks concern tableaux, dollhouses, as well as the Tom Pollex wedding and female impersonator. Tajiri, Vincent, ed. Through Innocent Eyes: Writings and Art from the Japanese American Internment. Contributors: Yuji Ichioka, Lane Hirabayashi, and Lucille Reed Franchi. Los Angeles, CA: Keiro Services Press and the Generations Fund, 1990.
Taylor, Laurie. "Camera Obscura." New Statesman and Society 6, August 1993: 21.
This article creatively discusses the author's feelings that photographs inadequately tape special events. Instead, the author suggests that camcorders should be used to record these events because they can record an entire event instead of merely one moment, presenting a more consummate and accurate motion-picture show of the occasion. "The Great Family of Man." Mythologies. 1957. Selected and trans. Annette Lavers. New York: Noonday Press, 1972. 100-02
Thomas, Sari. "Artificial Study in the Analysis of Civilization." Communication Research 12(6), Dec 1994: 683-97
This commodity argues for the report of artifacts in cultural enquiry and for the content analysis of artifacts such every bit television set shows, movies, and books. The author feels that artifactual analysis should supplement behavioral inquiry in club to make inferences about behavior. Titus, Sandra. "Family unit Photographs and Transition to Parenthood." Journal of Matrimony and the Family unit. 38(3), August 1976: 524-30.
This article examines the part of photographs in recording the transition from childlessness to parenthood. A comparison of photos of the first child and 2d child is also featured (with the first child appearing to be nearly often photographed). Tucker, Susan. ��Reading and Re-reading: The Scrapbooks of Girls Growing into Women, 1900<n>1940,� in Defining Impress Culture for Youth: The Cultural Work of Children�southward Literature, eds. Anne Lundin and Wayne Wiegand. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003).
Tucker, Susan. "Within a Scrapbooks' Pages." Celebrated New Orleans Collection Quarterly fifteen(1), Wintertime 1997:6-7.
This article considers briefly the history of scrapbooks, and focuses on the 1908 scrapbook of Alice Monroe, a Newcomb Higher student. Tucker explores the practice among college women of keeping scrapbooks, and notes societal approval of scrapbook- making equally an acceptable form of activity that would anchor young women to traditional values as caregivers and memory holders. Taylor, Laurie. "Camera Obscura." New Statesman and Order 6, August 1993: 21.
Twyman, Michael. Printing 1770-1970: An Illustrated History of its Development and Uses In England London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970; rep London: The British Library; New Castle DE: Oak Knoll Press, 1998.
University of Delaware, Library. Cocky Works: diaries, scrapbooks, and other autobiographical efforts: catalog of an exhibition, August19, 1997-December 18, 1997. Guide to selected sources. Newark, DE: Special Collections, Hugh M. Morris Library, University of Delaware Library, 1997.
Vanessa-Ann. Making scrapbooks: consummate guide to preserving your treasured memories. New York: Sterling Pub. Co., 1998.
Vosmeier,Sarah McNair, "The Family Anthology: Photography and Family life, 1860-1930" (PhD diss., Indiana University, 2003).
Waldman, Diane. Collage, Aggregation, and The Institute Object. London, Phaidon Printing, 1992.
This illustrated book traces the history of collage, with roots in such diverse art equally stained drinking glass and quilts. An index and notes will exist helpful in a search for the influence of assemblage on scrapbooks. Weiss, Harvey. How to make your own books. New York: Crowell, 1974.
Whalen, Catherine. "Finding Me." Afterimage 29, no. half-dozen [Special Issue: Vernacular Photography] (May/June 2002): 16-17. �
Abbreviated version of larger, ongoing project. Whalen, Catherine. "'Finding Me': �A Young Adult female's Scrapbook as Visual Autobiography and Site of Identity Formation in 1920s Detroit."
Paper presented at the American Studies Association Annual Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, October 12-15, 2000, for the session "Visions and Revisions: Photography and the Making of Pregnant," chaired by Mark Rice. �The term "visual autobiography" references Marilyn Motz'south piece of work. Williams, Val. The Other Observers: Woman Photographers in Britain, 1900 to the Present. 1986. London: Virago Press, 1991.
Willis, Deborah, ed. Picturing Usa: African American Identity in Photography. N.Y., The New Press, 1994.
Witty, Paul A. "Sex Differences: Collecting Interests." Journal of Educational Psychology 22:221-8, 1931.
Wood, Robert. Victorian Delights. London: Evans Brothers, 1967.
An account of the printed work of J. Proctor in Hartlepool in the eye of the 19th century. Zachary, Shannon. See Conservation of Scrapbooks and Albums.
Zietlin, Steven, Amy Kotkin, and Holly Cut Bakery. "Family Albums" in a Commemoration of Family Sociology. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. pp. 192-199.
This article discusses the role of family photo albums in recording phases of individual lives within a familial context. The author writes that these albums usually simply contain photographs of positive occasions and landmark events, like births or graduations. These photographs frequently serve as a catalyst to story telling and provide a way of initiating new friends or family members. Zola, Meguido. "By Claw or Past Crook: a New Look at the Shorthand Book,"
N. Y. Sociology half-dozen. Nos 3-iv (Winter 1980), 185-194.
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